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What specifically does the compiler error message tell us to fix?

+3 votes
asked Jul 25, 2020 by Yungsil lee (230 points)
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

/*

int main();

{

const int NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS = 10;

const int ANSWERS[NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

const int NUMBER_OF_GRADES = 9;

const int SCORES[NUMBER_OF_GRADES] = {95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 0};

const char *GRADES[NUMBER_OF_GRADES] = {"A+", "A", "B+", "B", "C+", "C", "D+", "D", "F"};

int* charArrayToIntArray(char *target[], const int length);

int getNumberOfCollectAnswers(const int answers[], const int target[], int length);

int calculateScore(int numberOfCollectAnswers);

void printAnswers(char *who, const int target[], int length);

char* calculateGrade(int totalScore, const int scores[], const char *grades[], int length);

return 0;

}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

if (argc != (NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS + 1)) {

printf("문제는 10 문제입니다. 현재 %d 개의 답안을 제출했습니다. 10개의 답안을 제출하시오.\n", argc - 1);

printf("ex) ./mission02 4 4 3 5 2 5 1 2 4 3\n");

return -1;

}

int *studentAnswers = charArrayToIntArray(argv, argc);

for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS; i++) {

if (studentAnswers[i] >= 0 && studentAnswers[i] <= 5) {

continue;

} else {

printf("답의 범위는 1 ~ 5 입니다. 범위 외의 답안이 있습니다.\n");

return -1;

}

}

printf("학점평가 시작\n");

int numberOfCollectAnswers = getNumberOfCollectAnswers(ANSWERS, studentAnswers, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

int totalScore = calculateScore(numberOfCollectAnswers);

char *grade = calculateGrade(totalScore, SCORES, GRADES, NUMBER_OF_GRADES);

printAnswers("정답", ANSWERS, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

printAnswers("학생", studentAnswers, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

printf("정답 수: %d\n", numberOfCollectAnswers);

printf("점수: %d\n", totalScore);

printf("학점: %s\n", grade);

return 0;

}

int* charArrayToIntArray(char *target[], const int length) {

int *result = malloc(sizeof(int) * NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS; i++) {

result[i] = atoi(target[i + 1]);

}

return result;

}

int getNumberOfCollectAnswers(const int answers[], const int target[], int length) {

int numberOfCollectAnswers = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

if (answers[i] == target[i]) {

numberOfCollectAnswers++;

}

}

return numberOfCollectAnswers;

}

int calculateScore(int numberOfCollectAnswers) {

return numberOfCollectAnswers *10;

}

void printAnswers(char *who, const int target[], int length) {

printf("%s : ", who);

for (int,i;= 0; i < length; i++) {

printf("%d\t", target[i]);

}

}

char* calculateGrade(int totalScore, const int scores[], const char *grades[], int length) {

char *grade;

for (int,i;= 0; i < length; i++) {

if (totalScore >= scores[i]) {

grade = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(grades[i]));

strcpy(grade, grades[i]);

break;

}

}

return grade;

}

*/

//There's an error message like this.

//C:\Users\user\OneDrive\Documents\Dev C++\collect2.exe [Error] Ltd returned 1 exit status

4 Answers

0 votes
answered Jul 26, 2020 by xDELLx (10,500 points)

Not exactly sure what the error is , it could have been "ld returned status 1" ,here "ld" is the loader.

Loader is the compilers component ,which will load the executable (code which compiled successfully ) & start the prog execution.

The code shared has a few compiler errors which need to be fixed.

Sharing the compiled program below

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
//   int main();
//   {
//   const int NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS = 10;
#define NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS  10
#define NUMBER_OF_GRADES  9
const int ANSWERS[NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
const int SCORES[NUMBER_OF_GRADES] = {95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 0};
const char *GRADES[NUMBER_OF_GRADES] = {"A+", "A", "B+", "B", "C+", "C", "D+", "D", "F"};
int* charArrayToIntArray(char *target[], const int length);
int getNumberOfCollectAnswers(const int answers[], const int target[], int length);
int calculateScore(int numberOfCollectAnswers);
void printAnswers(char *who, const int target[], int length);
char* calculateGrade(int totalScore, const int scores[], const char *grades[], int length);
//   return 0;
//  }
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    if (argc != (NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS + 1)) {
        printf("문제는 10 문제입니다. 현재 %d 개의 답안을 제출했습니다. 10개의 답안을 제출하시오.\n", argc - 1);
        printf("ex) ./mission02 4 4 3 5 2 5 1 2 4 3\n");
        return -1;
    }
    int *studentAnswers = charArrayToIntArray(argv, argc);
    for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS; i++) {
        if (studentAnswers[i] >= 0 && studentAnswers[i] <= 5) {
            continue;
        } else {
            printf("답의 범위는 1 ~ 5 입니다. 범위 외의 답안이 있습니다.\n");
            return -1;
        }
    }
    printf("학점평가 시작\n");
    int numberOfCollectAnswers = getNumberOfCollectAnswers(ANSWERS, studentAnswers, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);
    int totalScore = calculateScore(numberOfCollectAnswers);
    char *grade = calculateGrade(totalScore, SCORES, GRADES, NUMBER_OF_GRADES);
    printAnswers("정답", ANSWERS, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);
    printAnswers("학생", studentAnswers, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);
    printf("정답 수: %d\n", numberOfCollectAnswers);
    printf("점수: %d\n", totalScore);
    printf("학점: %s\n", grade);
    return 0;
}
int* charArrayToIntArray(char *target[], const int length) {
    int *result = malloc(sizeof(int) * NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);
    for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS; i++) {
        result[i] = atoi(target[i + 1]);
    }
    return result;
}
int getNumberOfCollectAnswers(const int answers[], const int target[], int length) {
    int numberOfCollectAnswers = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        if (answers[i] == target[i]) {
            numberOfCollectAnswers++;
        }
    }
    return numberOfCollectAnswers;
}
int calculateScore(int numberOfCollectAnswers) {
    return numberOfCollectAnswers *10;
}
void printAnswers(char *who, const int target[], int length) {
    printf("%s : ", who);
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        printf("%d\t", target[i]);
    }
}
char* calculateGrade(int totalScore, const int scores[], const char *grades[], int length) {
    char *grade;
    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        if (totalScore >= scores[i]) {
            grade = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(grades[i]));
            strcpy(grade, grades[i]);
            break;
        }
    }
    return grade;
}


0 votes
answered Jul 28, 2020 by Peter Minarik (84,720 points)
My note here is that in C, you have do (pre-) declare your function, before you make the call to them.

So either move your main last in your program, or do pre-definition for the other functions.
+1 vote
answered Jul 29, 2020 by LiOS (6,420 points)

Not many issues in the code a few errors which seem to be caused by

  • const int NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS = 10;
  • const int NUMBER_OF_GRADES = 9;

Personally, I would recommend looking at some coding standards. It would make the code easier to read. I would also declare the whole function above the main rather than below.

Working code that's been cleaned up:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS 10
const int ANSWERS[NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

#define NUMBER_OF_GRADES 9
const int SCORES[NUMBER_OF_GRADES] = {95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 0};

const char *GRADES[NUMBER_OF_GRADES] = {"A+", "A", "B+", "B", "C+", "C", "D+", "D", "F"};

int* charArrayToIntArray(char *target[], const int length) {
    
    int *result = malloc(sizeof(int) * NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS; i++) {
        result[i] = atoi(target[i + 1]);
    }
    
    return result;
}

int getNumberOfCollectAnswers(const int answers[], const int target[], int length) {
    
    int numberOfCollectAnswers = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        
        if (answers[i] == target[i]) {
            numberOfCollectAnswers++;
        }
    }

    return numberOfCollectAnswers;
}

int calculateScore(int numberOfCollectAnswers) {
    return numberOfCollectAnswers *10;
}

void printAnswers(char *who, const int target[], int length) {
    
    printf("%s : ", who);
    
    for (int i= 0; i < length; i++) {
        printf("%d\t", target[i]);
    }
}


char* calculateGrade(int totalScore, const int scores[], const char *grades[], int length) {
    
    char *grade;

    for (int i= 0; i < length; i++) {

        if (totalScore >= scores[i]) {
            grade = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(grades[i]));
            strcpy(grade, grades[i]);
            break;
        }
    }

    return grade;
}


int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

    if (argc != (NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS + 1)) {
        printf("문제는 10 문제입니다. 현재 %d 개의 답안을 제출했습니다. 10개의 답안을 제출하시오.\n", argc - 1);
        printf("ex) ./mission02 4 4 3 5 2 5 1 2 4 3\n");
        
        return -1;
    }

    int *studentAnswers = charArrayToIntArray(argv, argc);

    for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS; i++) {
        if (studentAnswers[i] >= 0 && studentAnswers[i] <= 5) {
            continue;
    }
        else {
            printf("답의 범위는 1 ~ 5 입니다. 범위 외의 답안이 있습니다.\n");
            return -1;
        }
    }

    printf("학점평가 시작\n");

    int numberOfCollectAnswers = getNumberOfCollectAnswers(ANSWERS, studentAnswers, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

    int totalScore = calculateScore(numberOfCollectAnswers);

    char *grade = calculateGrade(totalScore, SCORES, GRADES, NUMBER_OF_GRADES);

    printAnswers("정답", ANSWERS, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

    printAnswers("학생", studentAnswers, NUMBER_OF_ANSWERS);

    printf("정답 수: %d\n", numberOfCollectAnswers);
    printf("점수: %d\n", totalScore);
    printf("학점: %s\n", grade);

    return 0;

}

0 votes
answered Aug 1, 2020 by vcs200831 (140 points)
  • Error does not have anything to do with code. Your operating system simply does not allow to modify a file while it is in use, so the compilation (actually, linking, ld is the linker) fails, because compiler can't remove the old executable and place a new one. To solve this, simply close all existing processes running that program.
  • If that won't work, check your permissions for directory the executable is in, or look for any programs that are currently using it (some systems allow programs to place a lock on a file, so no other program can modify it).
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