Your code is
odds = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 1]
and as the name correctly suggests, odds hold all the odd numbers from 1 to 10, i.e.: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
The line says, 'add all the x to the list if they are odd'. Odd is decided by checking the modulus 2 of x to be 1.
Check out the Python Operators.
% is the modulus, it tells you the remainder of a division. E.g.: 100 % 12 = 4, because 100 - 8 * 12 = 100 - 96 = 4.
x % y returns values in the range [0, y), i.e., 0 included, but y not included.
I hope this helps.